What is the process by which a seed sprouts and begins to grow called?

Germination is the process by which a seed sprouts and begins to grow. This critical phase in a plant's lifecycle occurs when a seed absorbs water and swells, breaking through its outer seed coat. Suitable environmental conditions, such as adequate moisture, warmth, and oxygen, play a significant role in triggering germination. Once these conditions are met, the embryo within the seed begins to develop, leading to the emergence of the root (primary root or radicle) and then the shoot (stem and leaves).

In contrast, pollination refers to the transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part, which is a key step in the reproductive process but does not involve seed growth. Fertilization is the union of male and female gametes, leading to the formation of a zygote, which ultimately develops into a seed, but it occurs before germination. Photosynthesis is the process through which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, specifically glucose, using carbon dioxide and water, but it is not directly related to the sprouting of seeds. Understanding these distinctions helps clarify the correct terminology and processes involved in plant growth and development.