What is the name of the process where plants convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen?

The process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen is known as photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide from the air through small openings in their leaves called stomata and absorb water from the soil through their roots. Using sunlight, absorbed through chlorophyll in the leaves, these raw materials undergo a series of chemical reactions. The primary output of these reactions is glucose, a sugar that serves as an energy source for the plant. Oxygen is released as a byproduct, which is essential for the survival of aerobic organisms, including humans.

Other processes listed, such as respiration and fermentation, involve the breakdown of glucose rather than its production. Transpiration refers to the process where water is absorbed by plant roots, moves through the plants, and is released as vapor through the stomata in the leaves, but it does not involve the creation of glucose or oxygen. Thus, photosynthesis is the correct term for the process described in the question.