What agricultural technology was first utilized in the prairie states in the mid-1800s to access underground water?

The windmill was the first agricultural technology widely utilized in the prairie states during the mid-1800s to access underground water sources. This innovative technology harnessed wind energy to pump water from underground aquifers, making it possible for settlers to access a vital resource in the often arid conditions of the plains. The design of the windmill allowed it to operate efficiently with the variable wind conditions found on the prairies, playing a crucial role in the development of agriculture in these regions.

In contrast, a water well, while essential for accessing groundwater, did not incorporate any mechanical assistance for drawing water until later when windmills or other types of pumps were developed. A pump system typically refers to powered pumps that require energy sources like electricity or gas, which were not available in the early days of settlement on the prairies. Surface irrigation is a method of distributing water across the soil surface to crops, but it is not relevant to the specific technology used for accessing underground water in the context of this question. Hence, the windmill stands out as the correct answer for its historical significance and practical application in that era.